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1 Binary Digits (Bits) and Bytes 2 Text Data Representation 3 ASCII and EBCDIC Codes 4 Audio Data Representation 5 Image (Still Picture) Data Representation 6 Video (Motion Picture) Data Representation 7 Numbering System 8 Decimal (Base-10) Numbering System 9 Binary (Base-2) Numbering System 10 Binary to Decimal Conversion 11 Decimal to Binary Conversion:Integers 12 Decimal to Binary Conversion: Fractions 13 Binary Arithmetic: Addition 14 Binary Arithmetic: Subtraction 15 Binary Arithmetic: Multiplication 16 Binary Arithmetic: Division 17 Hexadecimal (Base-16) Numbering System 18 Octal (Base-8) Numbering System 19 Positive Numbers Representation 20 Positive and Negative Numbers Representation 21 Sign and Magnitude Method 22 One’s Complement Method 23 Two’s Complement Method Text Data Representation Computers represent a text character as a string of bits. A string of n bits gives 2n different combinations since each of the n bits can be set to 0 or 1. Microcomputers mostly represent text characters using ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) which was developed by ANSI (American National Standards Institute). IBM (International Business Machines corporation) mainframes and minicomputers mostly use the EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code) which was developed by IBM.  Page 2 of 23